Get fighting fit with self-defence

Turton adds that the best classes are those that allow you to practise in realistic situations. 'It's no good only learning the moves in a warm, dry, well-lit room. You also need to practise in different environments - outside, in the dark and when it's raining,' he says. Steven agrees with this aspect of self-defence training and often recruits karate colleagues, complete with facemask, to pressure-test her students.

Although attacks don't always follow textbook models, there are some simple steps you can take to minimise your chances of becoming a victim:

1. Criminals prey on easy, distracted-looking targets, so if you present yourself as a confident, aggressive individual you'll seem less vulnerable. Walk with a purpose, look ahead rather than at the ground, and if necessary dart into a café or shop to find your bearings. Don't stand around on street corners trying to read an A-to-Z.

2. Always be aware of your surroundings and the people around you. Looking at a person's body language can tell you a lot about their intentions. If someone is watching you, loitering unneccessarily or displaying nervous behaviour, be wary.

3. Follow your instincts. If something doesn't feel right, it probably isn't. Don't be embarrassed to cross the road, change your mind about getting into a lift, swap carriages on a train or ask a stranger to help you out of a potentially dangerous situation.

4. Shouting attracts attention and it can also distract an attacker. However, think about what you shout - unusual acts are unpredictable and can be off-putting, even to assailants. For this reason, some self-defence teachers recommend shouting something completely out of context, such as 'boiled carrots!' or 'mashed peas!' to shock would-be attackers.