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How does the IUD work?

We don't yet have definitive answers on exactly how IUDs work, but they are known to affect the reproductive process in a number of different ways:

• By releasing copper, which is harmful to sperm and eggs
• By interfering with the passage of sperm from the vagina, through the womb, to the Fallopian tubes
• By increasing irritability of the fallopian tubes so that they contract more. This reduces the time taken for the egg to travel down the tube and so limits the chances of fertilization (fertilisation occurs in the tube, not in the womb)
• By producing a mild inflammation of the lining of the womb, which makes the lining unfavourable for a fertilized egg to implant into
• By physically obstructing the implantation of a fertilized egg

The IUD is an effective contraceptive for monogamous women with no history of sexually transmitted diseases or pelvic inflammatory disease. But it isn't an ideal method for women who haven't had any children, as there is an increased risk of pelvic infection and ectopic pregnancy.

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