HPV - the STI without symptoms

Types of HPV
Studies conducted in the past 10 years have pinpointed the specific HPV types that are responsible for the development of genital warts. Each HPV type has been numbered and divided into 'high risk' or 'low risk' categories, depending on whether the particular virus is associated with the development of cancer. For example, HPV types 6 and 11, which are associated with genital warts, are considered 'low risk.' HPV types 16 and 18, which have been found on the genitals and in the anus, but aren't usually contained in visible warts, have been linked to cancers in both men and women and are therefore considered a higher risk.

Can it be prevented?
HPV is so widespread that it is very difficult to prevent people from catching it. The majority of people infected with HPV have no symptoms and are completely unaware that they carry the virus. There is doubt whether condoms provide adequate protection against HPV transmission during sex. However, despite the worry about cervical cancer, in the great majority of cases HPV's only threat is that it can cause unsightly warts, which usually disappear without treatment.

The immune system can usually keep the virus in check without the help of drugs or other medical treatment. Only about one per cent of all sexually active men and women have genital HPV infection with symptoms. Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly and avoiding tobacco and alcohol are simple ways to help maintain a strong immune system.

The most recent development in the drive to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer, is the creation of a vaccine against HPV types 16 and 18. The Department of Health has agreed in principle to introduce a vaccination programme in 2008. The vaccine has been shown to be effective and safe. The current debate is about who to vaccinate and at what age. The vaccine is likely to be most effective if given to girls before they are at risk of HPV infection, i.e. before they become sexually active. There is a proposal to vaccinate girls at age 12, but this has generated a moral and ethical debate, with opponents voicing concern that HPV vaccination will condone or promote promiscuity. Also, vaccinations at this age usually require parental consent, and some parents may be opposed. The vaccine is expensive, and some people feel it should only be given to those at high risk, i.e to slightly older girls who are or intend to become sexually active, rather than implementing a mass vaccination programme at age 12. All these issues should be clarified before vaccination starts in 2008.

Is there a cure?
Currently, HPV cannot be cured. At present the best defence against HPV is to choose sexual partners wisely, as people who have had many sexual partners are at a higher risk of contracting HPV.

How is it transmitted?
HPV is spread by skin-to-skin contact with an HPV-infected area, whether or not warts are visible. It can take weeks, months or years for genital warts to surface after sex with an infected person. So it is almost impossible to pinpoint when or who transmitted the virus.