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Recommendations for immunisations

by Dr Howard Lee

Below are tables with the current recommendations for immunisations.

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
Hepatitis B, Polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Meningitis C
Measles, Mumps, Rubella

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis

	Diphtheria	Tetanus	Pertussis
What causes the disease?	Bacteria	Toxin from Bacteria	Bacteria
Do we actually still see this disease in the UK?	Very Rarely	Occasionally	Quite often
Is it contagious?	Moderately	Not at all	Extremely
How is it transmitted?	Coughing, sneezing, etc.	Infection of cuts in skin	Coughing, sneezing, etc
What can happen if you get the disease?	Obstruction of breathing	Severe muscle spasms	Severe cough, loss of breath
Can it cause death?	Yes	Possible but not commonly	Yes
Notifications of Infectious Diseases in England and Wales	2(1990) with 92% vaccine uptake - 23(1999) with 96% vaccine uptake	9(1990) - 3(1999)	15,286(1990) - 1,139(1999)
What are the initials for the vaccine?	DTP vaccine since 1990 (Triple)	DTP	DTP
How many injections are needed in total?	4	4 and then 1 every 10 yrs	3
When are the injections typically given?	2,3,4, months & 3-4 years	2,3,4, months & 3-4 years	2,3,4, months
What are common side effects?	Pain at injection site, fever, and fretfulness	Pain at injection site, fever, and fretfulness	Pain at injection site, fever, and fretfulness
What are rare complications?	Convulsions, Inconsolable crying, and fever >105	Convulsions, Inconsolable crying, and fever >105	Convulsions, Inconsolable crying, and fever >105
Who absolutely shouldn't get the vaccine?	Previous severe allergic reaction or brain disorder occurring within seven days of last DTP immunisation	Previous severe allergic reaction or brain disorder occurring within seven days of last DTP immunisation	Previous severe allergic reaction or brain disorder occurring within seven days of last DTP immunisation
Additional Comments	Side effects of this injection felt to be mostly from the pertussis portion. TD>	Side effects of this injection felt to be mostly from the pertussis portion.	Most children who get pertussis (whooping cough) get it from an adult who doesn't realize he has it

Polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Meningitis C

	Polio	Haemophilus influenzae type b	Meningitis C
What causes the disease?	Virus	Bacteria	Bacteria
Do we actually still see this disease in the UK?	Not at all	Occasionally	Yes
Is it contagious?	Moderately	Moderately	Yes
How is it transmitted?	In the stool of infected persons	Coughing, sneezing, etc.	Coughing, sneezing, etc.
What can happen if you get the disease?	Paralysis	Meningitis & infection in blood or skin	Meningitis or Septicaemia or combined disease
Can it cause death?	Yes	Yes	Yes
What are the initials for the vaccine?	Oral Polio	HiB	Men C
How many doses are needed total?	4	3	3
When are the injections typically given?	2,3,4 months, 4 years	2,3,4 months	2,3,4 months
What are common side effects?	Pain at injection site	Pain at injection site	Brief illness possible, headache, pain at injection site
What are rare complications?	None established	None established	Possible rare anaphylaxis reaction
Who absolutely shouldn't get the vaccine?	Anyone who has immune system problems or has contact with anyone with immune system problems	None. However, the Hib is usually given as part of the DTP shot. If there is a reason for not giving the DTP, then a shot for Hib alone may be given	Anyone who has acute, severe, febrile illness
Additional Comments	None	Despite the confusing name, this is NOT the "flu shot." The flu is a viral illness that has a vaccination that is electively given once per year and is not part of standard childhood immunizations	Meningitis is the leading infectious cause of death in children in the UK, with increased incidence over the past 5 years.

Measles, Mumps, Rubella,

	Measles	Mumps	Rubella
What causes the disease?	Virus	Virus	Virus
Do we actually still see this disease in the UK?	Yes, in occasional outbreaks	Rarely	Rarely
Is it contagious?	Yes	Yes	Yes
How is it transmitted?	Saliva, sneezing, coughing	Coughing, sneezing, etc.	Saliva, sneezing, coughing
What can happen if you get the disease?	Fever, rash, possible brain damage	Swollen glands, brain swelling, sterility	Mild fever, rash, birth defects if pregnant
Can it cause death?	Yes, but uncommonly	Yes, but rare	Yes, in babies born to mums who have it
Notification in England and Wales	13,302(1990) - 2,438(1999)	4,277(1990) - 1691(1999)	11,491(1990) - 1954(1999)
What are the initials for the vaccine?	MMR	MMR	MMR
How many injections are needed total?	2	2
When are the injections typically given?	12 months and 4-6 years	12 months and 4-6 years	12 months and 4-6 years
What are common side effects?	Fever and rash	Low grade fever, mildly swollen salivary glands	Rash, fever, and swollen glands
What are rare complications?	Seizures due to the fever, low platelet count (the cells that help blood clot when you get a cut), and severe allergic reaction	Mild allergic reactions	Joint pain which goes away in a few weeks
Who absolutely shouldn't get the vaccine?	Pregnant women or women planning to be pregnant within 3 months, previous severe allergic reaction to MMR or to neomycin, persons with immune system problems except HIV	Pregnant women, those who have has severe allergic reactions to neomycin, persons with immune system problems except HIV	Pregnant women, those who have has severe allergic reactions to neomycin, persons with immune system problems except HIV
Additional Comments	Anyone who received their first MMR before their first birthday may not be immune and should receive another immunisation	none	As with all immunisations, the fact that there is a pregnant woman in the household should not be a reason to not immunise a child