There are four main steps to pruning.
1) Cut out all dead canes right to the ground
2) Cut out all diseased canes or ones damaged by rubbing against others, back to healthy wood. Healthy wood when cut looks like a green apple.
3) Remove any stems thinner than a pencil thickness as they will only produce poor blooms.
4) Prune back the canes left according to the type of rose. A general rule of thumb for most bush roses is cut back by one third.

How do you prune a tree rose?
Tree roses are pruned the same way as a bush roses. Cut out all diseased and dead wood plus any branches that are rubbing against each other and then shorten all canes by one third.

How do you deadhead roses?
Deadheading is the removal of withered flowers before they can make a seed pod or rose hip. This prevents the energy going into making seeds instead of flowers. Simply remove the whole truss by cutting down the stem just above the third set of leaves. Stop dead heading by August if you want the rose to harden off for winter or set hips.

How do I prune a climbing rose?
Climbers should not be prune for three years so that they can put out tall canes. The little pruning is required apart from the removal of dead or very old wood plus dried out tips. Lateral branches on wood which has flowered can be cut back under the blooms to three inches. If the climber is outgrowing its allotted space then these canes can be cut back to fit.

What do they mean by budding or grafting roses?
Nurseries grow an understock for two years and then graft or bud a variety of rose like a hybrid tea onto it. This is done by making a tee type cut low down in the understock, taking a budeye from the tea rose and inserting it into the cut. This is covered to protect it and keep it clean. The little 'bud' then starts to grow and become the top of the rose bush. The next spring the canes of the rootstock are cut away and the grafted rose or 'scion' takes over. It is allowed to grow for two seasons and then it is dug up for sale in the fall.

Why do you disbud a hybrid tea rose?
Many hybrid teas normally produce more than one flower bud at the end of each shoot. If you wants large specimen blooms for exhibition , floral arrangements or garden display you remove the side buds as soon as they are visible leaving only the centre terminal bud to develop.

Do miniature roses need to be pruned?
All these little roses need is a tidying up. Cut off dead tips, crossing canes and the thinnest shoots.

Why and how do you peg a rose bush?
Many older roses have a very vigorous growth which produces strong canes of up to 6 feet and the blooms are usually at the top. To make the flowers bloom all along the canes you bend them in an arc to the ground and attached them to a small peg. The canes should extend in a circle like the spokes of a wheel. This forces the eyes along the canes into growth and flower buds. This can be done with a rose that you want to spill over a wall as you can space the canes in a fan and tie them down at the edge of the wall

How do I make rose cuttings outside?
Rose cuttings are usually taken from the last month of summer to the first month of autumn (middle of August to end of October). To grow them outside, take at least 6, 12 inch cuttings of each type rose in case some don't take. Remove the flowers and cut off all leaves except the two that were underneath the flower. Dip the ends in rooting hormone powder (for semi hardwood plants) and then make a holes with a pencil 6 inches apart. Push them in far enough so that the set of leaves is resting on the soil. Firm the dirt around the cutting. Keep watered until the fall rains come. Next spring use a mild fertiliser such as fish and don't replant until they have had one year of growth.